Main zinthu za acidic, ndale ndi zamchere akalowa zipangizo

Acid akalowa zinthu: tetravalent pawiri SiO2, ZrO2, etc., siliceous, theka-silika, dongo, zirconium, theka-zirconium

Zida zosalowerera ndale: mankhwala trivalent Al2O3, Cr2O3 ndi amphamvu covalent chomangira crystalline mchere C, SiC, mkulu zotayidwa, corundum, chromium, carbon, pakachitsulo carbide, pakachitsulo nitride, etc.

Zida zamchere za ng’anjo yamchere: divalent mankhwala CaO, MgO, etc., magnesia, dolomite, magnesia aluminiyamu, magnesia chromium