Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa alumina, corundum ndi safiro?

Pali ma incarnations ambiri a aluminiyamu. Anzanu ambiri akamva mayina monga “alumina”, “corundum”, “ruby” ndi “safire”, sangathe kusiyanitsa kusiyana pakati pa izi ndipo nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka. Zachidziwikire, izi zikugwirizananso ndi kusowa kwa miyezo yofananira yamitundu ingapo ya aluminiyamu. Kuti muwasiyanitse, wolembayo aphatikiza zina kuti zikuthandizeni kuzindikira mawu awa.

1. Alumina

Alumina, omwe amadziwika kuti bauxite, ali ndi kachulukidwe ka 3.9-4.0g/cm3, malo osungunuka a 2050 ° C, malo otentha a 2980 ° C, ndipo sasungunuka m’madzi. Alumina amatha kuchotsedwa ku bauxite m’makampani. . Pakati pa mitundu iyi ya Al2O3, α-Al2O3 yokha ndiyokhazikika, ndipo mawonekedwe ena a kristalo ndi osakhazikika. Kutentha kumakwera, mawonekedwe osinthika akristalowa amatha kusintha kukhala α-Al2O3.

Mu crystal lattice ya α-alumina, ma ion okosijeni amakhala odzaza ndi ma hexagon, ndipo Al3 + imagawidwa molingana pakati pa octahedral ligand yozunguliridwa ndi ayoni okosijeni. Mphamvu ya lattice ndi yaikulu kwambiri, kotero kuti malo osungunuka ndi malo otentha ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Alpha-alumina sasungunuka m’madzi ndi asidi. Amadziwikanso kuti aluminium okusayidi m’makampani ndipo ndiye maziko opangira zopangira zitsulo zotayidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonzekera zida zosiyanasiyana zodzitchinjiriza, zida zomangira, ndi magawo a magawo ophatikizika. Kuonjezera apo, α-alumina yoyera kwambiri imakhalanso yopangira kupanga corundum yopangira, ma rubi opangira ndi safiro.

γ-mtundu alumina amapangidwa ndi kutaya madzi m’thupi kwa zotayidwa hydroxide pa kutentha 500-600 ° C, ndipo amatchedwanso adamulowetsa aluminiyamu mu makampani. M’mapangidwe ake, ma ion okosijeni amakhala pafupifupi odzaza mundege zoyima, ndipo Al3 + imagawidwa mosagwirizana ndi ma octahedral ndi tetrahedral voids yozunguliridwa ndi ayoni okosijeni. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotengera, zonyamulira zonyamula, adsorbents, desiccants, etc. mumakampani. Omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi chitsanzo ichi akhoza kuyang’ana positi ya “Kukonzekera ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Alumina Woyambitsa”.

Mwachidule: Alumina amatha kuonedwa ngati chinthu chopangidwa ndi Al2O3 (chimakhala ndi zonyansa zina, nthawi zambiri osati zoyera). Mtundu uwu wazinthu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a kristalo, kuyera kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imayimira zinthu zosiyanasiyana. , Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’magawo osiyanasiyana.

Mpira wapamwamba wa alumina – gawo lalikulu ndi alumina

2. Corundum ndi corundum yochita kupanga

Makristalo a α-alumina omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe amatchedwa corundum, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zonyansa zosiyanasiyana. Corundum nthawi zambiri imakhala yotuwa kapena yotuwa yotuwa, yokhala ndi galasi kapena diamondi yowala, kachulukidwe 3.9-4.1g/cm3, kuuma 8.8, yachiwiri kwa diamondi ndi silicon carbide, ndipo imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri.

Natural yellow corundum

Pali makamaka mitundu itatu ya chilengedwe cha corundum: a. Corundum yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe imadziwika kuti miyala yamtengo wapatali: safiro ili ndi titaniyamu, ruby ​​​​ili ndi chromium, ndi zina zotero; b corundum wamba: wakuda kapena bulauni wofiira; c emery: akhoza kugawidwa mu emerald emery ndi limonite emery, Ndi mtundu wa kristalo wophatikizika wokhala ndi kuuma kochepa. Pakati pa mitundu itatu yomwe ili pamwambayi ya corundum yachilengedwe, yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zodzikongoletsera, ndipo ziwiri zotsirizirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma abrasives kupanga mawilo akupera, miyala yamafuta, sandpaper, nsalu ya emery kapena ufa, phala la abrasive, etc.

Chifukwa zotsatira za corundum zachilengedwe ndizochepa, corundum yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m’makampani nthawi zambiri imakhala yopangira corundum m’malo mwa zinthu zachilengedwe za corundum.

Industrial alumina ndi ufa wonyezimira wa crystalline wokhala ndi porous ndi lotayirira, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kukhudzana kwa makhiristo a Al2O3 wina ndi mzake ndipo motero sizigwirizana ndi sintering. Kawirikawiri pambuyo calcination kapena fusion recrystallization, γ-Al2O3 amakhala α-Al2O3 (corundum) kwa sintering ndi kachulukidwe. Malinga ndi njira yopangira, corundum imagawidwa kukhala yoyaka moto (1350 ~ 1550 ℃) corundum (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti kuwala kwayaka α-Al2O3), sintered (1750 ~ 1950 ℃) corundum, ndi fused corundum.

Mchenga wa corundum-woyera wa corundum

Mwachidule: ndi chizolowezi kuitana α-crystal alumina ngati corundum. Kaya ndi corundum yachilengedwe kapena corundum yopangira, chinthu chachikulu cha corundum ndi alumina, ndipo gawo lake lalikulu la kristalo ndi α-alumina.

3. Gem grade corundum ndi ruby ​​yokumba, safiro

Corundum yapamwamba kwambiri yosakanikirana ndi zonyansa zazing’ono za oxide ndizodziwika bwino za ruby ​​​​ndi safiro, zomwe ndizopangira zodzikongoletsera zamtengo wapatali, ndipo tinthu tating’onoting’ono tating’ono tingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zitsulo zazitsulo zolondola ndi mawotchi.

safiro

Pakalipano, kaphatikizidwe ka safiro wofiira kumaphatikizapo njira yosungunula moto (njira yosungunula moto), njira ya flux, njira ya hydrothermal ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, mikhalidwe yaukadaulo ya njira ya hydrothermal ndi yayikulu komanso yankhanza, ndipo vuto ndilokulirapo, koma

Pakalipano, kaphatikizidwe ka safiro wofiira kumaphatikizapo njira yosungunula moto (njira yosungunula moto), njira ya flux, njira ya hydrothermal ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, njira ya hydrothermal imakhala ndi luso lapamwamba komanso zovuta zaukadaulo. Komabe, kukula kwa makhiristo amtengo wapatali kumafanana kwambiri ndi makristasi amtengo wapatali. Zitha kukhala zabodza kwambiri, ndipo zowona ndi zabodza sizidziwika. Makristasi amtengo wapatali omwe amakula ndi njirayi amaphatikizapo emerald, makhiristo, ruby, etc.

Zofiyira zofiira ndi safiro sizofanana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zowoneka bwino, komanso zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala komanso zowoneka bwino, koma mtengo wake ndi 1/3 mpaka 1/20 wa zinthu zachilengedwe. Pokhapokha pa microscope m’pamene mpweya waung’ono wa miyala yamtengo wapatali ukhoza kupezeka.

Mwachidule: ngakhale alumina, corundum, ruby ​​​​ndi safiro ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe awo, kuuma, katundu, ndi ntchito ndizosiyana, koma chemistry yawo yaikulu ndi alumina. Mtundu waukulu wa kristalo wa corundum ndi α-mtundu wa alumina. Corundum ndi polycrystalline α-alumina material, ndipo corundum yapamwamba kwambiri (jewel-grade corundum) ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zopangidwa ndi alumina.

Chifukwa cha malire a chidziwitso cha wolemba, nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momveka bwino mawu osayenera. Ndikupemphanso akatswiri amakampani kuti andipatse malangizo, zikomo.