Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pealumina, corundum nesafire?

Kune akawanda incarnations yealumina. Apo shamwari dzakawanda dzinonzwa mazita akadai se “alumina”, “corundum”, “ruby” uye “safire”, havakwanisi kusiyanisa musiyano pakati peizvi uye vanowanzonzwa vachivhiringidzika. Ehe, mamiriro aya ane hukamawo nekushaikwa kwazvino kwemayunifomu emhando dzakasiyana dzealumina. Kuti uzvisiyanise, munyori achabatanidza rumwe ruzivo kwauri kuti akubatsire kuziva mazwi aya.

1. Alumina

Alumina, inowanzozivikanwa sebauxite, ine density ye3.9-4.0g/cm3, nzvimbo yakanyunguduka inosvika 2050°C, inovira inosvika 2980°C, uye hainyungudike mumvura. Alumina inogona kutorwa kubva ku bauxite muindasitiri. . Pakati peizvi Al2O3 akasiyana, chete α-Al2O3 yakagadzikana, uye mamwe mafomu ekristaro haana kugadzikana. Sezvo tembiricha inokwira, aya ekuchinja makristasi mafomu anozopedzisira achinja kuita α-Al2O3.

Mune crystal lattice yea-alumina, maion eokisijeni akazara mumativi ane hexagoni, uye Al3+ yakagovaniswa zvakaenzanirana pakati peiyo octahedral ligand yakakomberedzwa nemaoni eokisijeni. Simba relatisi rakakura kwazvo, saka nzvimbo yekunyungudika uye nzvimbo yekubikira yakakwira zvakanyanya. Alpha-alumina hainyunguriki mumvura uye asidhi. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare sealuminum oxide muindasitiri uye ndiyo yakakosha zvinhu zvekugadzira simbi yealuminium. Uye zvakare, inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzirira zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoramba, abrasive zvinhu, uye substrates yemasekete akabatanidzwa. Mukuwedzera, high-purity α-alumina zvakare chinhu chakasvibirira chekugadzirwa kweartificial corundum, rubies yakagadzirwa nesafire.

γ-mhando yealuminium inogadzirwa nekupera mvura kwealuminium hydroxide pane tembiricha ye500-600 ° C, uye inonziwo activated alumina muindasitiri. Muchimiro chayo, maion okisijeni anenge akazara mundege dzakasimukira, uye Al3 + haina kugovaniswa mu octahedral uye tetrahedral voids yakakomberedzwa neokisijeni ion. Inogona kushandiswa semagadzirirwo, catalyst carriers, adsorbents, desiccants, nezvimwewo muindasitiri. Avo vanofarira muenzaniso uyu vanogona kutarisa posvo ye “Gadziriro uye Kushandiswa kweActivated Alumina”.

Muchidimbu: Alumina inogona kutariswa sechinhu chinoumbwa neAl2O3 (ine mamwe matsvina, kazhinji asina kuchena). Rudzi urwu rwechinhu chine zvimiro zvekristaro zvakasiyana, kuchena kwechigadzirwa kwakasiyana, uye mafomu akasiyana, anomiririra zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana. , Inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana.

High alumina bhora-chinhu chikuru chiri alumina

2. Corundum uye artificial corundum

Izvo zvinowanzoitika α-mhando alumina makristasi anonzi corundum, uye anowanzoratidza mavara akasiyana nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwakasiyana. Corundum inowanzoita bluish kana yero grey, ine girazi kana dhaimani kupenya, density 3.9-4.1g/cm3, kuomarara 8.8, yechipiri chete kudhaimani nesilicon carbide, uye inogona kumira kutonhora kwakanyanya.

Natural yellow corundum

Iko kune kunyanya matatu marudzi echisikigo corundum muzvisikwa: a. High-quality corundum, inowanzozivikanwa sematombo anokosha: safiro ine titanium, ruby ine chromium, nezvimwewo; b common corundum: dema kana brownish tsvuku; c emery: inogona kukamurwa kuita emerald emery uye limonite emery, Iyo imhando yeaggregate crystal ine yakaderera kuomarara. Pakati pemhando nhatu dziri pamusoro apa dzechisikigo corundum, yekutanga inonyanya kushandiswa zvishongo, uye maviri ekupedzisira anogona kushandiswa seabrasives kugadzira mavhiri ekukuya, matombo emafuta, sandpaper, emery jira kana hupfu, abrasive pastes, nezvimwe.

Nekuda kwekuti kuburitswa kwechisikigo corundum kuri kushoma, iyo corundum inoshandiswa muindasitiri inonyanya kugadzira corundum pachinzvimbo chezvakasikwa corundum zvigadzirwa.

Industrial alumina ndeye yakasununguka crystalline poda ine porous uye yakasununguka chimiro, iyo isingakodzeri kusangana kweAl2O3 makristasi nemumwe uye nekudaro haikodzeri kunyudza. Kazhinji mushure mekuverenga kana fusion recrystallization, γ-Al2O3 inova α-Al2O3 (corundum) ye sintering uye densification. Zvinoenderana neyakagadzirwa nzira, corundum yakakamurwa kuita chiedza chakatsva (1350 ~ 1550 ℃) corundum (inozivikanwawo sechiedza chakatsva α-Al2O3), sintered (1750 ~ 1950 ℃) corundum, uye fused corundum.

Artificial corundum-white corundum sand

Muchidimbu: itsika kudaidza α-crystal alumina se corundum. Ingave iri natural corundum kana artificial corundum, iyo huru inoumba zvinhu zvecorundum ndeye alumina, uye chikamu chayo chikuru chekristaro α-alumina.

3. Gem giredhi corundum uye artificial ruby, safiro

Iyo yemhando yepamusoro corundum yakavhenganiswa nediki diki diki oxide tsvina ndiyo yakakurumbira ruby nesafire, inova zvinhu zvekugadzira zvishongo zvakakosha, uye zvimedu zvaro zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira mabearings echaiyo zviridzwa uye wachi.

safaya

Parizvino, kuumbwa kwesafiro tsvuku kunosanganisira nzira yekunyungudutsa moto (nzira yekunyungudika kwemoto), nzira yekuyerera, nzira yehydrothermal uye zvichingodaro. Pakati pavo, iyo hydrothermal nzira ine yakakwirira tekinoroji mamiriro uye yakaoma tekinoroji mamiriro. Nekudaro, kukura kwegem makristasi kunonyanya kufanana neakasikwa gem makristasi. Inogona kunge iri yekunyepedzera, uye yechokwadi neyenhema hazvizivikanwe. Makristasi anokosha anokura nenzira iyi anosanganisira emerald, makristasi, rubhi, nezvimwewo.

Artificial red uye safire haisi kungofanana nezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo pakuonekwa, asiwo mune zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari uye optical properties, asi mutengo unongova 1/3 kusvika 1/20 yezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo. Chete pasi pemaikorosikopu ndipo panogona kuwanikwa mweya mudiki mumatombo ekugadzira.

Muchidimbu: kunyange zvazvo alumina, corundum, ruby nesafire vane mazita akasiyana, maumbirwo avo, kuoma, maitiro, uye kushandiswa kwakasiyanawo, asi makemikari avo makuru emakemikari ndeye alumina. Iyo huru yekristaro fomu yecorundum ndeye α-mhando alumina. Corundum ndeye polycrystalline α-alumina zvinhu, uye yakakwirira-mhando corundum (jewel-giredhi corundum) chinhu chimwe chekristaro chigadzirwa chealuminium.

Nekuda kwekusakwana kweruzivo rwemunyori, chinyorwa chinodonongodza matauriro asina kunaka. Ndinokumbirawo mazano kune nyanzvi dzeindasitiri, ndatenda.