Ngokumalunga nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezikhuselayo

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezigqumayo, ezinokuthi zohlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu: irhasi, ulwelo, kunye neqinileyo. Izixhobo zokugquma igesi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka umoya, initrogen, kunye nesalfure hexafluoride insulating PC film. Izinto zokugquma ulwelo ikakhulu ziquka i-oyile ye-mineral insulating oil kunye ne-synthetic insulating oil (ioli ye-silicone, i-dodecylbenzene, i-polyisobutylene, i-isopropyl biphenyl, i-diarylethane, njl.). Izinto zokugquma eziqinileyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic. Izinto zogqunyelelwa ezomeleleyo zibandakanya ipeyinti yokugquma, iglu, iphepha lokugquma, iimveliso zefiber, iiplastiki, irabha, imibhobho yepeyinti yelaphu elinevanishi kunye neemveliso zefiber ezifakwe ngaphakathi, iifilimu zombane, iimveliso ezidityanisiweyo kunye neeteyiphu zokuncamathelisa, kunye nelaminates zombane. Izinto zokugquma eziqinileyo ezingaphiliyo zibandakanya ikakhulu imica, iglasi, iiseramikhi kunye neemveliso zazo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iindidi zezixhobo eziqinileyo zokugquma nazo zibaluleke kakhulu.

Izixhobo zombane ezahlukeneyo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni kwezinto zokugquma. Izinto zokugquma ezisetyenziselwa izixhobo zombane eziphezulu ezifana ne-high-voltage motors kunye ne-high-voltage cables zifunekayo ukuba zibe namandla aphezulu okuphuka kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric ephantsi. Izixhobo zombane ezine-voltage ephantsi zisebenzisa amandla oomatshini, ukunweba ngexesha lekhefu, kunye nenqanaba lokumelana nobushushu njengeemfuno zabo eziphambili.

Iipropathi ze-macroscopic zezinto ezigqumayo ezinje ngeempawu zombane, iipropathi zobushushu, iipropathi zoomatshini, ukuxhathisa kweekhemikhali, ukuchasana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokumelana nokubola kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nokwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo semolekyuli. Izinto zokugquma eziqinileyo ezingaphiliyo zenziwa ikakhulu ngesilicon, iboron kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeeoksidi zetsimbi, kunye nesakhiwo se-ionic njengeyona nto iphambili. Eyona nto iphambili kukuxhathisa ukushisa okukhulu. Ubushushu bokusebenza bukhulu kune-180 ℃, uzinzo oluhle, ukumelana nokuguga kwe-atmospheric, kunye neempawu ezilungileyo zeekhemikhali kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide lokuguga phantsi kwentshukumo yombane; kodwa i-brittleness ephezulu, ukuchasana kwempembelelo ephantsi, ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namandla aphantsi; ukwenziwa kakubi. Izinto ze-Organic ngokuqhelekileyo ziipolima ezinobunzima obuphakathi kwe-104 kunye ne-106, kwaye ukuxhathisa ubushushu ngokuqhelekileyo kuphantsi kunoko kwemathiriyeli ye-inorganic. Ukuxhathisa ubushushu bezinto eziqulethe amakhonkco amnandi, i-heterocycles kunye nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-titanium, kunye ne-fluorine iphezulu kunemathiriyeli ye-polymer eqhelekileyo.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela iipropathi ze-dielectric ze-insulating materials zinamandla e-molecular polarity kunye nomxholo wamacandelo e-polar. I-dielectric eqhubekayo kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric yezinto ze-polar ziphezulu kunezo ze-non-polar, kwaye kulula ukubhengeza i-ion zokungcola ukunyusa i-conductivity kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu zayo ze-dielectric. Ngoko ke, ingqwalasela kufuneka ihlawulwe ekucoceni ngexesha lokwenziwa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa izinto zokukhusela ukukhusela ukungcola. I-capacitor dielectric idinga i-dielectric constant constant ukuze iphucule iimpawu zayo ezithile.