Mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuvikela

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto zokuvikela, ezingahlukaniswa cishe zibe izigaba ezintathu: igesi, uketshezi, nokuqinile. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuvikela igesi zifaka umoya, i-nitrogen, nefilimu ye-PC ye-sulphur hexafluoride evikelayo. Izinto zokuvikela uketshezi ikakhulukazi zifaka uwoyela ovikela amaminerali kanye namafutha okufakelwa okwenziwa (uwoyela we-silicone, i-dodecylbenzene, i-polyisobutylene, i-isopropyl biphenyl, i-diarylethane, njll.). Izinto zokuvikela eziqinile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-organic kanye ne-inorganic. Izinto zokuvikela eziqinile zemvelo zihlanganisa upende ovikelayo, iglue, insulating paper, imikhiqizo yefiber evikelayo, amapulasitiki, irabha, amapayipi opende wendwangu enevanisha kanye nemikhiqizo ye-fiber efakwe ngaphakathi, amafilimu kagesi, imikhiqizo eyinhlanganisela namateyipu okunamathela, namalayini kagesi. Izinto zokuvikela eziqinile ezingaphili ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa i-mica, ingilazi, izitsha zobumba kanye nemikhiqizo yazo. Ngokuphambene, inhlobonhlobo yezinto eziqinile zokuvikela nazo zibaluleke kakhulu.

Imishini kagesi ehlukene inezidingo ezahlukene ekusebenzeni kwezinto zokuvikela. Izinto zokuvikela ezisetshenziswa emishinini kagesi ene-voltage ephezulu efana ne-high-voltage motors kanye nezintambo ze-high-voltage ziyadingeka ukuze zibe namandla okuphuka okuphezulu kanye nokulahlekelwa okuncane kwe-dielectric. Izinto zikagesi ezine-voltage ephansi zisebenzisa amandla okusebenza, ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu, kanye nebanga lokumelana nokushisa njengezimfuneko zazo eziyinhloko.

Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic zezinto zokufaka i-insulating ezifana nezakhiwo zikagesi, izakhiwo ezishisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukumelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokumelana nokugqwala kuhlobene eduze nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana. Izinto zokuvikela eziqinile ezingaphili zakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-silicon, i-boron nezinhlobonhlobo zama-oxide ensimbi, ezinokwakheka kwe-ionic njengesici esiyinhloko. Isici esiyinhloko ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo ngokuvamile likhulu kuno-180 ℃, ukuzinza okuhle, ukumelana nokuguga komkhathi, kanye nezindawo ezinhle zamakhemikhali nokusebenza kokuguga kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwesenzo sensimu kagesi; kodwa i-brittleness ephezulu, ukumelana nomthelela ophansi, ukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu namandla aphansi okuqina; ukungasebenzi kahle kokwenziwa. Izinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile ama-polymer anesisindo samangqamuzana esimaphakathi phakathi kuka-104 no-106, futhi ukumelana kwawo nokushisa ngokuvamile kuphansi kunokwezinto ezingaphili. Ukumelana nokushisa kwezinto eziqukethe izindandatho ezinephunga elimnandi, ama-heterocycles nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-titanium, ne-fluorine kuphakeme kunokwezinto ezijwayelekile ze-polymer zomugqa.

Izici ezibalulekile ezithinta izakhiwo ze-dielectric zezinto zokuvikela zingamandla e-molecular polarity kanye nokuqukethwe kwezingxenye ze-polar. Ukulahlekelwa okungaguquki kwe-dielectric kanye ne-dielectric yezinto ze-polar ziphakeme kunezinto ezingezona ze-polar, futhi kulula ukukhangisa ama-ion angcolile ukuze kwandiswe ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity nokunciphisa izakhiwo zayo ze-dielectric. Ngakho-ke, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe ekuhlanzeni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izinto zokufaka insulating ukuvimbela ukungcola. I-capacitor dielectric idinga ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-dielectric ukuthuthukisa izici zayo ezithile.